For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church taught that while sin could be forgiven through confession, the consequences of that sin might still remain. To address this, the Church developed one of the most controversial doctrines in Christian history—the indulgence.

To believers, indulgences represented God’s mercy administered through the Church. To critics, they became symbols of greed, corruption and spiritual manipulation. Their abuse would eventually spark the Protestant Reformation, permanently dividing Western Christianity.

Understanding the Concept

An indulgence is often misunderstood as the forgiveness of sin. It is not.

According to Catholic theology, there are two consequences of sin:

Eternal punishment, removed through genuine repentance and absolution in the Sacrament of Confession.

Temporal punishment, the lingering spiritual effects of sin that still require purification.

An indulgence removes all or part of this temporal punishment.

The Church teaches that Christ, together with the saints, accumulated an infinite “Treasury of Merit.” Because Jesus’ sacrifice was perfect and the saints lived exceptionally holy lives, their merits exceeded what was needed for their own salvation. The Pope, as successor to Saint Peter, was believed to possess the authority to dispense these merits for the benefit of the faithful.

This theological framework became one of the most distinctive features of medieval Catholicism.

Purgatory: The Missing Piece

The doctrine of indulgences cannot be understood without understanding Purgatory.

By the twelfth century, belief in Purgatory had become firmly established. It was viewed as a temporary state where souls destined for Heaven were purified before entering God’s presence.

This purification could be long and painful.

Naturally, Christians wanted to shorten that suffering—for themselves and for deceased loved ones.

Indulgences appeared to offer hope.

Early Indulgences

The earliest indulgences looked nothing like those that later scandalised Europe.

During the early Middle Ages, bishops granted reductions in severe public penances. A sinner might have been ordered to fast for years or undertake lengthy pilgrimages.

An indulgence simply reduced these earthly penalties.

Gradually the concept evolved.

Instead of reducing earthly penance, indulgences increasingly came to be understood as reducing punishment in Purgatory.

Crusades and Spiritual Rewards

The Crusades transformed indulgences.

In 1095 Pope Urban II promised a plenary indulgence—complete remission of temporal punishment—to those who fought in the First Crusade.

This proved enormously popular.

Suddenly military service could be viewed as an act of spiritual devotion.

Over succeeding centuries indulgences became attached to pilgrimages, charitable works, church building projects and religious observances.

Partial and Plenary Indulgences

Two forms developed.

Partial Indulgence

Removed part of the temporal punishment due to sin.

Plenary Indulgence

Removed all temporal punishment, provided certain conditions were met.

Modern Catholic teaching requires:

Sacramental confession

Reception of Holy Communion

Prayer for the Pope’s intentions

Complete detachment from all sin

Performance of the prescribed work

This last condition is often the one people notice—but it is only one element among several.

The Money Problem

The trouble began when indulgences became linked with fundraising.

Churches, monasteries, hospitals and cathedrals required enormous sums of money.

Popes increasingly authorised indulgences connected with donations.

Officially, money was never supposed to purchase forgiveness.

Rather, the donation was considered evidence of charity and repentance.

In practice, however, many ordinary Christians concluded that they were buying spiritual benefits.

That distinction proved disastrous.

Building St Peter’s Basilica

Perhaps the most famous indulgence campaign funded the rebuilding of St Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

Construction began under Pope Julius II and continued under Pope Leo X.

The project required staggering amounts of money.

Indulgence preachers travelled throughout Europe encouraging donations.

The campaign became especially controversial in the German states.

Johann Tetzel

No individual became more associated with indulgences than the Dominican friar Johann Tetzel.

He was a gifted preacher and fundraiser.

Although historians debate precisely what he said, he became associated with the famous rhyme:

“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings,
the soul from Purgatory springs.”

Whether Tetzel actually coined the phrase or whether opponents exaggerated his methods remains debated.

Nevertheless, many contemporaries believed indulgences had become little more than commercial transactions.

Martin Luther Strikes Back

On 31 October 1517 an Augustinian monk named Martin Luther challenged the practice.

His Ninety-five Theses criticised not the existence of indulgences themselves, but their abuse.

Among his complaints were:

Christians were being misled.

Genuine repentance mattered more than purchased certificates.

The Pope could not free souls from Purgatory simply through financial transactions.

Poor people were giving away money they desperately needed.

Thanks to the recently invented printing press, Luther’s arguments spread across Europe with astonishing speed.

The result was the Protestant Reformation.

The Church Responds

Initially, Church authorities attempted to defend indulgences.

However, the abuses had become impossible to ignore.

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) reaffirmed the legitimacy of indulgences but condemned dishonest fundraising and prohibited their commercial exploitation.

Professional indulgence sellers disappeared.

The theology remained.

The abuses were officially rejected.

Do Indulgences Still Exist?

Yes.

The Catholic Church still grants indulgences today.

Modern indulgences are associated with acts such as:

Reading Scripture prayerfully.

Eucharistic adoration.

Pilgrimages.

The Rosary.

Works of mercy.

Visiting designated holy sites during Jubilee Years.

Money no longer plays any official role.

Instead, the emphasis is placed upon sincere conversion, prayer and charity.

Common Myths

Several misconceptions persist.

Myth: Indulgences forgive sins.

Reality: Only repentance and sacramental confession forgive sin.

Myth: You can buy your way into Heaven.

Reality: Catholic teaching rejects this completely.

Myth: The Church sold Heaven.

Reality: While many clergy behaved as though spiritual benefits could be bought, official doctrine was more nuanced. The scandal arose because practice often failed to match theology.

Political Consequences

Indulgences did more than reshape theology.

They undermined confidence in Church leadership.

Princes who supported Luther gained greater independence from Rome.

Religious wars followed.

Entire nations rejected papal authority.

The map of Europe changed forever.

It is difficult to overstate the historical significance of indulgences.

A theological doctrine concerning the consequences of sin became one of the principal catalysts for one of the greatest upheavals in Western civilisation.

Legacy

Today, indulgences occupy a far quieter place within Catholic life.

They remain part of official teaching, but the dramatic fundraising campaigns that characterised the late Middle Ages belong to history.

Yet the controversy still echoes.

For many Protestants, indulgences remain symbolic of medieval corruption.

For Catholics, they represent a misunderstood expression of God’s mercy, one that suffered from very human abuse.

Perhaps the greatest lesson is not about indulgences themselves, but about the dangers that arise whenever religious authority, political power and money become too closely entwined. History shows that even sincere theological ideas can become distorted when financial interests enter the picture.

Tim Alderman 2026

Sources

Catechism of the Catholic Church, §§1471–1479.

Pope Paul VI, Indulgentiarum Doctrina (1967).

Council of Trent, Session XXV, Decree on Indulgences (1563).

Martin Luther, Ninety-five Theses (1517).

Eamon Duffy, Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes.

Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History.

R. N. Swanson, Indulgences in Late Medieval England.

Thomas F. Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades.